6. SENSE RELATIONS

1 Explain the meaning of these words (in English – use e.g., OALD online) and find their original
ones. Render the type of semantic change. Learn their RP pronunciation.

                                               Word

                                                                                                 Meaning

                                                                                                   Original meaning

                                                                                                                Type of semantic change

biro

denim

hooligan

gypsy

bikini

leotard

stetson

teddy bear

mackintosh

wellingtons


2 Decide whether the following pairs are synonyms or not. Prove your choice. Learn their RP
pronunciation. (Meaning in English – use e.g., OALD online)

                                          Lexical unit 1

                                          Lexical unit 2

                                              YES/NO

                                 WHY/MEANING/EXAMPLES/TRANSLATION

underground

subway


politics

policy


priceless

worthless


alien

foreign


influence

affect


illegal

illicit


objective

purpose


distinct

far


verdict


sentence



lettuce

salad





3 Choose the word which is closest in meaning (synonym). Do not forget that synonyms MUST be from
the same part of speech. Learn their RP pronunciation.

appear

          arrange - emerge - happen

astonish

          amaze - wonder - anger

aim

          shoot- task - objective

allow

          admit - bring - give

business

          arrangement - commercial - duty

commerce

          begin - trade - sell

influence

          avoid - force - affect

assume

          collect - deny - suppose

economical

          wasteful - mean - thrifty

demand

          send - require - asked

event

          although - happening - if


4 Choose the word expressing most closely the opposite meaning (antonym). Do not forget that
antonyms MUST be from the same part of speech. Learn their RP pronunciation.

thorough

            blocked - gentle - careless

legible

            not logical - unclear - brief

evident

            rare - hidden - wrong

establish

            notice - recognise - destroy

unimportant

            rare - found - faraway

cease

            lose - leave - continue

considerable

            accidental - small - unkind

vanish

            appear - disappear - destroy

customary

            hidden - well-known - unusual

betray

            leave - conceal - give


5 Find synonyms and antonyms. Do not forget that they MUST be from the same part of speech. Learn
their RP pronunciation.

                   SYNONYM

                          ANTONYM

approximately, adv.

buy, v.

demand, n.

effective, adj.

extend, v.

manage, v.

reprimand, v.

comprehend, v.

revenue, n.

remedy, n.


6 Find proper homonyms (not another meaning of a polysemantic word!). Do not forget they DO NOT
HAVE TO be from the same part of speech. Explain the meaning of both (or more) words. Pronounce
them correctly (RP). (Meaning in English – use e.g., OALD online)

     HOMONYMS

             MEANING

kind

bark

grave

miss

scale

race

sound

stalk

well

base

bat



7 Find homophones and explain the meaning (in English) of both (or more) words. Do not forget they
DO NOT HAVE TO be from the same part of speech. Fill in the RP pronunciation.

PRONUNCIATION

             HOMOPHONE(S)

                         MEANING

air /eə(r)/

allowed

beech

doe

die

flew

horse

night

leak

piece

pale

sell

soul

sort

through

waist

wine


8 Find homographs with their pronunciation. Do not forget they DO NOT HAVE TO be from the same part
of speech. Fill in the RP pronunciation of the given lexical units.

                                     Homographs and their RP pronunciation

live

wind

wound

tear

row

sow

polish

lead

bass

number




9 Discuss the meaning (in English) of the following polysemantic?/homonymic? lexical units from the
point of view of their etymology. How do the dictionaries distinguish between polysemy and
homonymy? Pronounce the words correctly.


     Polysemantic/
homonymic lexical unit

                                                             Meaning 1 + etymology

                                                                                                   Meaning 2 + etymology

bank

pupil

flower

flour

to poach


10. Give 3-5 hyponyms for the following hyperonyms:

literature

book

sport

education

universe


11. Give some examples of current borrowings used in Czech (current events, for example, Covid-19,
Russia-Ukraine War) relating to the discussed sense relations: