1. Periplus, sermons, diaries, chronicles, Indian captivity narratives, poetry. 

2. They were members of the religious reform movement in the late 16th and early 17th century influenced by Calvinism. They believed that God, not the king or Pope was the head of the Church. They believed in predestination. Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Michael Wigglesworth. 

3. Captain John Smith. 

4. Gothic novels (Brown), Adventure novels, frontier novels (Cooper), historical tales and short stories (Irving). 

5. Poe, Whitman, Dickinson. Poe: melodic and musical rhymed poetry, features of Dark Romanticism: emphasis on torn and mentally disturbed protagonist, often featuring motifs like death, sorrow, and melancholy. – Whitman: free verse, democratic poetry, optimistic, embracing America as a whole. – Dickinson: short, terse poems, typographical experiments (dashes, capital letters). 

6. Low-class characters, failure of the American dream, hostile environment, no freedom of choice. Urbanization, industrialization, Darwin, Freud, Marx.